Traditional Budgeting and Budgetary Controls Weaknesses

Traditional Budgeting and Budgetary Controls Weaknesses This answer briefs the practice of budgets in two entirely different businesses; one in a very stable and static market place and the other in a very dynamic, rapidly changing, innovative environment. Budgeting and budgetary control is commonly used in a traditional manner by most business entities in the world in spite of its manifold limitations. In a fast changing business environment, traditional budgeting need not be the only budgeting approach to be exercised in a company. There are quite a few alternatives like Zero-Based Budgeting, Beyond budgeting, Activity-Based Budgeting, etc. which are much beneficial and rewarding for a business entity. Budget A budget is a plan, expressed in financial and/or more generally quantitative terms, which extends forward for a period into the future (Gowthorpe, 2003) . A traditional budget is usually prepared by reviewing past years budget and actual expenses, with addition or deduction towards extra business activities or reduced business activities planned and also by effecting changes towards changing factors, such as growth, inflation etc It is basically to tie managers to predetermined actions in order to achieve the planned budget. It is usually based on organizational hierarchy and centralized leadership . Benefits of traditional budgeting and budgetary controls are :- Income of budget period can be matched against budget period expenses to know whether operations will result in profit and how much profit. Actual performance can be compared with budget to know variances so that corrective actions can be taken. Budget based reports facilitates assessment of costs of goods and services provided and accomplishments of the business entity. Problems associated with traditional budgeting and budgetary controls are :- It is futile to predict what will happen in the next 12 months Serven (cited in Banham, 2000) argued, The customary system of trying to accurately predict what will happen in 12 months and budgeting accordingly is an exercise in futility. Most budgetary processes are costly and inefficient. It takes a long time to complete and by the time it is completed, it becomes no longer applicable as business environment has changed. According to Stewart (2004), there are ten reasons why budget cause problem, as shown below. Though traditional budgeting have many weaknesses, but most companies still rely on it because of its unchallenged position in the top division of accepted management practices (Hope Fraser, 1999). Therefore many companies now seek to find alternatives of traditional budgeting, even some attempt to abandon it. However, it is widely delieved by analysts that as many as half the companies that attempt the overhaul become so exhausted they give up and go back to traditional approach (Banham, 2000). Traditional Budgeting in Dynamic Business In a business that operates in a very dynamic, rapidly changing, and innovative environment, traditional budgeting is inappropriate to exercise. Budget is a barrier for the business because the vibrant market demands flexibility, fast response, innovation, process improvement, customer focus, and shareholder value (Daum, 2001). And it is the limitation of the traditional budgeting not to be able to fulfil these demands. The dynamic driven business should keep up with the change and adaptive to recent development to achieve success. Hence Beyond Budgeting approach introduced. Daum (2001) argued that, The Beyond Budgeting Model is designed to overcome traditional barriers and to create a flexible, adaptable organization that gives your local managers the self-confidence and freedom to think differently, make decisions rapidly, and collaborate on innovative projects with colleagues in multifunctional teams both within your company and across its borders. Exercising beyond budgeting may have become the turnaround for many companies of their budgeting problems. Beyond budgeting is about a performance management system, made up of a series of interdependent and interlocking process (Verlag, 2005). The objective is to create an adaptive system to the real world that ideally develops the business plan from the environment, i.e. growth of markets, performance of competitors, etc. Then, instead of trying to meet a negotiated number in the budget, business should try to beat this performance standard (Verlag, 2005). Thus it would not make managers feel undervalued. The process of beyond budgeting is portrayed in 12 principles of Beyond Budgeting (BBRT, 2005). The first six process principles is concerning performance management systems that allows employees to response faster to customer needs and competitive environment. The second six leadership principles provide a decentralization framework of responsibility to employees to facilitate them adapting quickly to potential events and improves their relative performance. Beyond budgeting can be exercised successfully by applying these principles and the business can be adaptive to the rapidly changing environment. 12 principles of Beyond Budgeting Beyond Budgeting Process Principles Targets Set aspirational goals based on continuous relative improvement not fixed targets Rewards Base rewards on relative performance with hindsight not on meeting fixed targets Planning Make planning an inclusive and continuous process not an annual event Resources Make resources available on demand not through annual budget allocations Coordination Coordinate cross company actions dynamically not though annual plans and budgets Controls Base controls on KPIs, trends and relative indicators not variances against plan Beyond Budgeting Leadership Principles Governance Base governance on clear values and boundaries not on detailed rules and budgets Performance Build a high performance culture based on relative success not on meeting targets Freedom to act Devolve decision making authority to frontline teams dont micro-manage them Accountability Create a network of small units accountable for results not centralized hierarchies Customer focus Focus everyone on improving customer outcomes not on meeting internal targets Information Promote open and shared information dont restrict it to those who need to know The benefits of beyond budgeting is it will examine targets, strategies, action plans, forecasts and management reports. Comparisons might also be made against competitors and past-year performance. It will concentrate on the key drivers of business performance. The purpose is to be alert and take advantage of new opportunities and respond to potential threats by using an advanced information system to make decisions early. Speed of action and good decisions are the result of beyond budgeting. (Hope Fraser, 1999) The major change required by beyond budgeting will raise some resistance to change (Verlag, 2005). Organisations will differ in scale, culture and business context. It would be challenging to demonstrate to key stakeholders that control can still be achieved without a budget (Max, 2005). Beyond budgeting may raise issues such as doubt of loosening control, giving front-line people decision-making authority, and trusting people to act in the best interest of the business that is not easy change to contemplate (Hope Fraser, 1999). However if these issues can be handled, the business may gain success in long term. For example, the companies that have successfully practised beyond budgeting and abandoned the traditional budgeting system are Volvo (one of Europes most profitable car manufacturers), IKEA (the worlds largest furniture manufacturer and retailer), etc. (Hope Fraser, 1999). Many organizations that have gone beyond budgeting found that their performance has improved once the budgeting process was abandoned in favour of more relative and adaptive means of planning, evaluating performance and control (Stewart, 2004). Activity-Based Budgeting (ABB). Although beyond budgeting is the most updated method, but not all companies can adapt to it. Thus the other alternative for the dynamic driven business is Activity-Based Budgeting (ABB). It aims to generate a budget from activities and resources of the company . A financial budget is prepared after preparation of an operationally feasible budget. Advantages of ABB approach. It facilitates better product, process, or activity costing and decision making, and better resource allocation to support organizational priorities. It identifies capacity issues and makes adjustment earlier in the budgeting process than under traditional budgeting which does not track resource consumption patterns. It enriches managers ability to respond to contingencies and also improves performance measurement, evaluation, and decision making (Hansen, Otley, et all., 2003). Thus, ABB can be a proper alternative for the dynamic company since it will provide more accurate analysis to quickly forecast the next budget compared to the traditional budgeting. However, ABB is not without problems. According to Barret (2003), ABB can be difficult to understand about the rules relating outputs to resources and costs. Consequently business managers tend to be doubtful of the approach. Although ABB directly relates increase in the volume of an output with increases in certain activities, it does not help in linking activities with resources. Thus any application of one of these alternatives, whether it is beyond budgeting or ABB, must be considered thoroughly subject to the business current condition. Traditional Budgeting in Static Business In a business that operates in a very stable and static market place, where there is slight change in either products or demand every year, traditional budgeting still can be appropriate (Daum, 2001). Static business would not need to take a risk to change their invariable budgetary plan as it would cost higher and consume more time than usual. However if this condition continuously persisted, the business will never develop more than its current position. It could lead to boredom for the employees who seek for challenge. As it is argued by Hope Fraser (1999), Budgets are well known for reinforcing the command and control culture, constraining freedom and autonomy, and stifling the very challenges that excite prospective managers. As an alternative to the static business, Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) is introduced. ZBB refers to proposals by Pyhrr (1973); Cheek (1977) et al. to modify the traditional budgeting process in organizations in which budgeting is an incremental process in relation to the prior years actual expenditures. The proposed ZBB process requires each manager to justify the budget request approximating the organizational functions were starting from ground zero. It entails clarifying the goals of an organizational unit as well as identifying the functions and projects it proposes to perform in order to achieve its goals. These activities are then ranked in order of importance (Flamholtz, 1983). Basically it is a systematic logical approach to allocate limited resources where they will be best used. Benefits of ZBB are cost saving, improving services, increase self-discipline in developing budget, reduce the entitlement mentality with respect to cost increases and make budget discussions more meaningful during review sessions (LaFaive, 2003). On the contrary ZBB also can cause problems for example, may increase the time and expense of preparing budget, may be too radical a solution for the task at hand, and can make matters worse if not conducted accordingly. Moreover a substantial commitment must be made by all sectors involved to ensure that the change is followed through (LaFaive, 2003). ZBB is recommended for the static businesses in order to improve performance. It can be useful for shaking up a process that may have grown stale and counterproductive over time (LaFaive, 2003). Variance analysis is still the most common tools to calculate the mismatch between the planned budget and the actual performance. Based on the survey by Sulaiman, Ahmad Alwi (2005), the common practice among local Japanese (about 71%) and local Malaysian companies (about 64%) is to investigate variances only when the variance exceeds a certain percentage. This is a typical characteristic of traditional budgeting. However it is inadequate to be used in today modern business. Thus Ramsey (1999) introduced diagnostic variance analysis, where budget variances are analysed in terms of the activity-based components that make up the variance, and evaluated in light of overall business performance. As a result of this analysis, the underlying cause of the variance is revealed, providing the necessary business insight to support strategic decisions. In conclusion, traditional approach cannot be abandoned completely. Budgeting is still very important in the company and need serious attention in the organization in spite of its complication (France, 2006). Zero-Based Budgeting and Activity-Based Budgeting are only improvement of traditional approach. In a dynamic driven business that evolve in rapidly changing environment like today modern business ambience, beyond budgeting can be the suitable alternative with proper handling in the organization. As for the static business, ZZB can assist the breakthrough in the organization so that the business will develop more and achieve success in the future.

Modernism: A Critical Analysis

T. S. Eliot did not invent modernism in literature, but his poem The Waste Land (1922) expresses more distinctly than anyone else what the modernist endeavor really was. More than a poem, it was an occasion, a cry that defined a moment in time, and which it is not possible to repeat. Eliot himself declared that he had moved on from the style of The Waste Land immediately after. Shortly after its publication he expressed in a private correspondence, â€Å"As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style† (qtd. in Chinitz 69).The Hollow Men (1926) is nothing as fragmentary, chaotic and nihilistic as is the 1922 poem. In The Waste Land we seem he hear an unalloyed expression of despair; the despair that purposeful art in no more possible in â€Å"the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history† (qtd. in Sigg 182). Yet the poem is not a complete negation of art. It manages a sort of coherence towards the end, in which we may read a suggestion that art may still be possible amidst desolate meaninglessness of the modern age.The First World War is the event that finally shattered the cozy certainties of the Victorian age. At a more protean level, it annulled the optimism of the humanist endeavor which gave rise to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the scientific world view. It is significant that the major part of this endeavor was carried out in art and literature. In the aftermath to the Great War came disillusionment, because it was widely perceived that progress did not bring peace but war – the most brutal and mindless sort. It was not just corpses and rubble that littered Europe, but the Western psyche too was littered with rubble.The Waste Land is essentially a collection of fragments from the tradition of literature. The ultimate statement made by Eliot is that there is no more meaning in which the artist can take his tradition and f urther it. Yet he cannot abandon the past either, for his identity is still contained within those fragments. â€Å"These fragments I have shored against my ruins,† says the Fisher King, who is not able to redeem the wasteland that stretches before him (Eliot 69). This expresses the core sentiment of the poem, which is in the end a mere collection of literary fragments. It is a demonstration of what the function of the artist has become, for the message of Eliot is that the artist is indeed reduced to gathering debris from his cultural past.Eliot’s poem is not meant to be imitated. Its function is to locate the spirit of the age and give it voice. So successful was it in this latter role that many of its literary features began to be adopted, especially so in the novel form, towards the creation of the modernist novel. The most common feature of this fiction is the dysfunctional and alienated protagonist in an urban setting who struggles against encroaching meaningless ness. Of this fiction Federman says, â€Å"The creatures of the new fiction will be as changeable, as illusory, as nameless, as unnamable, as fraudulent, as unpredictable as the discourse that makes them† (12).To render such a narrative effective novelists were soon employing a device known as â€Å"stream of consciousness†. It sacrifices coherence for an effect which seems to suggest that we are privy to the unexpurgated thoughts and impressions of the protagonist. Ulysses by James Joyce is composed entirely I this mode, and another novelist who use this method effectively is Virginia Woolf. Most often it is used for effect in novels which retain some meaningfulness, therefore are not entirely nihilistic. In such novels we identify the contining search for possibilities in art which Eliot had instigated.The novels of Franz Kafka use the conventional narrative voice, yet depict a world that is fragmented and devoid of meaning. The protagonist in The Trial wakes up one morning to discover that he is under arrest, subject to trial, but free to move about in the meantime. There is no immediate explanation of his wrong-doing, and none is forthcoming as the trial grinds on. Not only self-preservation, the protagonist is also seeking for meaning. But the only meaning that emerges is that ‘the system’ has decided that he is â€Å"the accused†, which has set into motion a process whose eventual and inevitable outcome is a brutal execution.Everybody seems to be helpless before the system, both friend and foe. They cannot effect its course, and neither can they extract meaning from it. The state embodies logic, of which Kafka says, â€Å"Logic is doubtless unshakable, but it cannot withstand a man who wants to go on living† (Kafka 263). Instead of war, Kafka’s focus is on the bureaucratization of the modern state, but evokes the same sense of despair and the helplessness of the individual before greater and inexplicable fo rces, the unmistakable stamp of modernism.The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is also considered a modernist novel. Though more famed for his hard-edged realism, in this last effort before his death Hemingway has created a powerful parable of futility. Santiago is a Cuban fisherman who has met bad luck, having not caught a fish for 84 days. On the 85th day he becomes reckless and ventures further into the sea than anyone else before. He hooks a marlin of such tremendous size that it hauls Santiago and his boat around sea for and entire day.The old fisherman is soon locked in an epic battle of strength, guile and wits with the marlin, and expends every last bit of himself for over three days of struggle. Bloodied and drained, he has his catch in the end, which he begins to drag shoreward. But sharks then fall upon the marlin, and the old man cannot battle them off with his harpoon. Though futile, Hemingway suggests that the old man’s struggle has transcendental value.H e makes frequent comparisons between the old man and Christ, and describes the old man in awe of the nobility of the marlin, even while locked in a life and death battle with it. He is described as musing, â€Å"But it is good that we do not have to try to kill the sun or the moon or the stars. It is enough to live on the sea and kill our true brothers† (Hemingway 75). In its tenor of unremitting futility the novel is modernist. The meaning discovered in the end is transcendental and religious, in which â€Å"the spirit of the individual† is pitched against â€Å"his biological limitations† (Walcutt 275). This is significant when we recall that Eliot too discovered religion later in life.In conclusion, in his poem The Waste Land Eliot expressed a feeling that conventional motivation of the artist was no longer relevant in the modern age, because the aspirations of the previous age, that which had motivated writers and artists in the Victorian era, had been rende red null and void. But at the same time it initiated a new quest in literature, which became a movement known as modernism, and especially employed by novelists. In their novels, which mostly emphasized the meaninglessness of modern existence, the modernist novelist nevertheless tends to dicover transcendental or religious meaning.Works CitedChinitz, David. T.S. Eliot and the Cultural Divide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Eliot, Thomas Stearns. The Waste Land and Other Poems. New York: Penguin Classics, 1998.Federman, Raymond. Surfiction: Fiction Now and Tomorrow. Athens OH: Swallow Press, 1975.Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Trans. Willa Muir, Edwin Muir. New York: Schocken Books, 1995.Sigg, Eric Whitman. The American T. S. Eliot: A Study of the Early Writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Walcutt, Charles Child. American Literary Naturalism, A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: Universi ty of Minnesota Press, 1974.

Effect of concentration on Nacl solution Essay

In this assignment we will be focusing on one property, which influences the electrical conductance of an ionic solution. Compounds can be held by a covalent or ionic bond, which depends on the nature of the bonds. In case of ionic compounds (we also call them electrolytes), the force of attraction is present between the ions, which have opposite charge. One of the ions has a positive charge, which is called a cation, and the other has a negative charge, which is called an anion. This attraction is called an ionic bond. Ionic compounds1 form crystals in which anions and cations are held together with force of attraction. Ionic compounds are also known as salts mostly. They are usually hard and brittle. They are solid at room temperature and they have high melting and boiling points. They conduct electricity in solution because they dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, which are free to move. These ions carry the electrical charge from the anode to the cathode. Properties of salt solutions, which influence their electric conductance:2 The temperature of the solution. The magnitude of the charge on the ions. The concentration of the ions in the solution. The liquid used to dissolve the ionic substances in. The size of the ions. I would like to investigate that how the concentration of the ions in the solution affects the electric conductance of the solution. Aim Our aim is to figure out the answer of the research question through this experiment Research question What is the relationship between the conductivity of the ionic solution and concentration of the ionic compound (electrolyte)? Hypothesis When an ionic compound dissolves in water, the ions usually break apart and diffuse throughout the whole solution. Ions conduct electricity because they are mobile and carry charge with them. In this case, the ionic compound (NaCl) will be dissolved in water, this causes the ions (Na+ and Cl-) to diffuse in the solution and resulting in them conducting electricity. It happens because the sodium holds one excess electron and Chlorine is in need of one electron, resulting in sodium giving one electron to Chlorine when they get separated. As a result of this, the Chlorine becomes electrically negative and the Sodium becomes positive. This is the chemical reaction which occurs- NaCl(s) ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ? Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) When we put electrodes in the solution, the positive ions (Na) will migrate to negative electrode and negative ions (Cl) towards the positive electrode that’s how electric current will flow. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration of the solution. In water, it is the ions that pass electricity from one to the next. This means that the more Na+ and Cl- contained in water the more electricity is carried, and the higher the conductivity. If the solution of water and NaCl is more concentrated (NaCl in large amount), its electric conductance will be more than if the solution is less concentrated (NaCl in a smaller amount). Therefore in my opinion, the greater the concentration of the ions, the more the conductivity of the solution will be. Variables: Controlled variables: temperature, voltage applied (in this case 10 volts), the electrolyte (Nacl) used with water to make a solution. Independent variables: The concentration of NaCl solution and volume of water. Dependant variables: Electric conductance measured by an ammeter. Plan for experiment In this experiment we will be using NaCl solution as the ionic compound (electrolyte). We will be placing the electrolyte in water as to create a concentrated solution. Different amounts of NaCl and water shall be mixed to prepare the solutions, which have different concentrations so we can compare the electric conductance in different cases. This giving us an idea of how the electric conductance of the solution would change when the concentration of the solution is increased or decreased. So then from the experiment we can draw a conclusion on how the concentration of a solution affects the conductivity of an ionic solution. Two electrodes are placed and a potential is applied across the electrodes. Then electric current is measured, which passes through the solution. The electric conductance facilitates by the charge on ions. So we can say that the conductivity of the solution is directly proportional to the concentration of its ions. Materials: Goggles Electrodes made of copper Lab coat ( 2 sizes available small and large) 5 beakers Tissue paper Demineralized water – 425 ml in a washbottle as to make it easier to be more accurate while pouring water in the beakers NaCl – 75 ml Ammeter Voltage Power supply Stirring Spoon Measuring Cylinder Experimental set-up Diagram Steps of the experiment: Safety precautions 1. Wear lab coat to prevent clothes from any damage, which can be caused. 2. Wear goggles for safety measures. Checking materials 1. Make sure all the materials are present. 2. Take out 4 glass beakers and set them out on the table. Solutions preparation The solution chosen is NaCl. In the five different beakers, there will be different amounts of water and different amount of concentrations of NaCl will be added. The amount of water will decrease with the increase of concentration as to keep the same volume of the solution, which is 100 ml in total for all 5 cases. These 5 solutions are prepared in 5 different beakers. We use a measuring cylinder to measure the amount of water and measuring beaker for NaCl solution. 1. 1st solution -Take 95ml water in a beaker and then add 5ml of NaCl solution. 2. 2nd solution – Take 90 ml water and then add 10ml of NaCl Solution. 3. 3rd solution – Take 85 ml of water and then add 15 ml of NaCl Solution. 4. 4th solution – Take 80ml water and then add 20 ml of NaCl solution. 5. 5th solution – Take 75 ml of water and then add 25 ml of NaCl solution. Measuring the conductivity / amount of electricity created 1.To measure the electric conductance, we need to first create a circuit by using a pair of copper electrodes. The electrodes are supposed to be placed on an electrode holder, and tightened with clamps. 2. Connect the electrodes with a wire to the ammeter and also with the power supply. 3. Immerse the electrodes in the beaker. Note: Keep the electrodes as far apart as possible (2 – 3 inches), don’t let them touch or the power module will be damaged.3 4. Now turn on the voltage power supply and make sure to put the current limitation to maximum so that there is no interference at all with the result. Note: Do not touch the electrodes after the power supply is turned on. 5. To control the amount of voltage turn the button to 10 volts, it doesn’t matter how many volts are applied as long as the value is kept the consistent throughout the whole experiment. 6. Monitor the conductivity of the solution for 4-5 seconds on the ammeter until it become stable. Making observations: 1. Record the conductivity value in your data table. 2.Make sure to clean the electrodes after taking measurement. 3. Then place the electrodes into 2nd, 3rd and 4th and 5th solutions respectively and record the conductivity in the table for each case. Cleanup: 1. Empty all the beakers in the sink then wash and dry them. 2.Remove ammeter from the electrodes. 3.Dry up the electrodes with tissue. 4.Place all materials back into the cupboards. Data and Observations Amount of NaCl (in ml) Conductance (in amperes) Amount of water (in ml) The graph shows the relationship between the amount of Nacl and the conductance. Conclusion The line represents the conductance. Results: I’ve presented all my data in form of a graph, it will show the co-relation between the conductivity4 and concentration 5of salt solution. On the horizontal axis I have placed the Nacl concentration and on the vertical axis the conductivity of the solution. We can then draw a conclusion after looking at it. After doing the experiment, I can conclude that if an electrolyte is dissolved in water, it completely dissociates into ions and the electrolyte would contribute to conduction of electricity to the solution. In this experiment, NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions, which made it possible for water to conduct electricity. The conductivity of the solution depends on the concentration of the electrolyte and behaves differently for different concentration of the electrolyte. As we can see by the graph, if we start increasing the concentration of the electrolyte (NaCl), the electric conduction will be increasing accordingly. So we can get to the conclusion that the conductivity of the solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte solution. Evaluation: In overall I find that this experiment went very well. My hypothesis turned out to be as I had assumed it would, as the conductance did increase with the increase of concentration. Although there was mistake we did at first, which was creating the wrong circuit by connection the wrong wires which caused the conductance on the ammeter to be show in negative. However we soon figured out our mistake and then re did the circuit after which we got successful results. My results are reliable up to an extent as we tried to make our experiment as accurate as possible. We made sure that no extra solution was left on the electrode holder whiles taking measurements by cleaning them so that the conductance wouldn’t be affected. Also we applied the same amount of energy to each solution so that it wouldn’t contribute to the conductance. During measuring the amount of water we took a considerably accurate account and tried to make sure that there wasn’t a big difference. However there were a few things we could have done better to get even more reliable results. We could have taken an average of the readings of the solutions whose conductance kept changing and wouldn’t become stable. Also a larger gap could have been taken between the amount of concentrations such that to assist in making conclusions in a much easier way. We tried to consume as less time as possible and were able to finish our experiment in sufficient time. In my view we were also extremely organized in the experiment as we knew exactly what we had to do , and any small mistakes which we made we were able to solve them. Fair testing: There should be reasonable difference in the concentrations of the NaCl solutions used for the experiment to get more reliable result. Keep electrodes for sometime in each solution, and as soon as the reading is stable, note it down on your table. Stir the solutions properly before putting electrodes into it to make sure that NaCl has mixed properly with water in each case. Clean and dry electrodes before putting them into different solutions. The amount of the voltage applied should be the same in each case. Follow up Experiment: We are investigating on the various factors that influence the conductance of an ionic solution. In this experiment we concentrated on how the concentration of a solution affected the conductance. So the follow up experiment should be focusing on another influential factor, which in my view should be how temperature influences the conduction of an ionic solution. I also find this a really interesting topic to continue investigation on. This experiment will give us an even better understanding of conductance and electrolytes. References 1. â€Å"All about ionic compounds.† Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 2. â€Å"Concentration -.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 3. â€Å"Conductivity of Electrolytic Solutions.† UCS Home. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 4. â€Å"Experiments in Electrochemistry.† Fun Science Gallery – Scientific Experiments for Amateur Scientists and Schools. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 5. â€Å"Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conductance † Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 6. â€Å"The HiddenCures G-2 Water Ionizer User Instructions.† Google. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 7. â€Å"Ionic compound -.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 1 â€Å"Ionic compound -.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 2 â€Å"Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conductance † Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 3 â€Å"The HiddenCures G-2 Water Ionizer User Instructions.† Google. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 4 â€Å"Conductivity of Electrolytic Solutions.† UCS Home. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . 5 â€Å"Concentration -.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. .

Censorship and the Internet Essay - 1213 Words

With the bountiful amount of unrestricted information available on the internet many people believe that some of this information should be censored by the United States Government. Whos to say what should be accessible and what should not? Where does it start and stop? Does internet censorship make a nation a safer place to live? There are many countries that don’t allow the use of the internet at all and some countries only censor what they don’t want their citizens to know. Daniel Calingaert said â€Å"The internet has provided greater space for free expression in countries where traditional broadcast and print media are restricted† (64). Free expression is a very guarded privilege to United States citizens. Private citizens and†¦show more content†¦Should these practices be censored? There are so many educational websites that it would be impossible to name them all. One of the resources the writing center in the library at State College refers students to is the Purdue Owl, which is an internet source. Many of the quizzes used by professors come from internet sources. The online databases used for research in order to properly write an essay with scholarly citations, again an internet resource. In an article about technology and education Moez Limayem and Christy M. K. Cheung state â€Å"Internet-based technologies create expanded opportunities for educators to provide students with better learning experiences† (91). Today’s generation would be lost without the internet, it has been a tool used to educate most students since kindergarten. Today we also have distance learning not only in college, but also in high school. Would censorship of the internet affect this type of use of the internet in any way? Child pornography, ads for employment that are racially discriminatory, speech that is a copyright infringement and information used to create nuclear weapons, are a few examples of the types of free speech that most would agree violate the laws of the United States; however, some of these things can be found on theShow MoreRelatedCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital Millennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began to censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppression of freedom of the press, hindering freedom of speech, and reduce the plethora of information on the internet. 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It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet941 Words   |  4 Pages More than two decades ago, the Internet was yet to be ubiquitous in the homes of the general public around the world. Today, global users of the Internet has surpassed the 3 billion mark, or approximately 45% of the world population, a trend that is not likely to slow down anytime soon (World Internet Users Statistics and 2015 World Population Stats, 2014). The idealistic vision of self-governance of the Internet has proved to be insufficient and threats to the Internet’s core principles areRe ad MoreThe Internet and Censorship940 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is a diverse pool of information that anyone nowadays can have access to. One of the more controversial topics that involves the internet, is the censorship of the internet. Internet censorship can be defined as the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published or viewed on the internet. It’s been hot topic in recent years because many government organizations have been trying to pass many reforms to help push the censorship of the internet, either directly or indirectlyRead MoreInternet Censorship1799 Words   |  8 PagesTechnologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without theRead MoreThe Importance Of Internet Censorship1378 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Censorship The Internet has become a growing source of entertainment and information over the past years. As more and more people become familiar with the Internet, the potential of its contents grows rapidly, at an uncontrollable rate. With something such as the Internet, which contains virtually an infinite amount of space, more is being added than taken away. Therefore with the growing amount of users, the content grows as well. Different people use the Internet for different things withRead MoreCensorship on the Internet Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard forRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Censorship Used Around The World Some people wonder who came up with the idea of internet censorship. Other people want to know which countries use it. Some ponder over the idea of what really is internet censorship. Internet censorship is controlling what can be viewed, and which sites can be used on the internet. Some things about internet censorship are countries that use it, and who started the idea of it. There are lots of countries that use internet censorship. A few of them are ChinaRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Presently, it seems that the Internet is playing a very important role in everyones daily life. This multipurpose network has many different functions useful for everyday work and entertainment. Due to the freedom of the Internet various debates and protests have come to disagree with its open form of communication. Because of the misuse of the internet many people believe that there should be some kind of internet censorship, while others are against internet censorship

Short Story - 811 Words

â€Å"Hello?† Harper answered. â€Å"Yes dear she will be fine with us here. Okay darling. Yes. Okay, see you tomorrow. Okay goodnight. Eva dear.† â€Å"Yes Mrs.Johnson?† I replied. â€Å"Your Mom is going to stay home for the night to make sure that the boys dont cause too much trouble. Tomorrow morning I will go and drop you off at your house.† â€Å"Okay, thank you for letting me stay here,† I replied â€Å"It is my pleasure Eva. Now you and Charlotte go run along and play while I make some dinner. Go on,† Mrs.Johnson told us as she takes out some pots and pans from the cabinets sitting above her. â€Å"Come on let’s go back to my room and then you can tell me all about that twin brother of yours,† Charlotte told me as she took my hand and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I hope we could do this again sometime. I had endless fun with Charlotte and your family yesterday evening. Thank you and see you again someday, Mrs.Joh nson,† I told her with the biggest grin on my face. â€Å"Goodbye Eva. I sure hope I get to see you again soon,† she replied as she hugged me tightly before I made my way to the front door. I pick up my bag and start the long walk down the driveway while hearing the engine of Mrs. Johnson’s running behind me. In a mere matter of minutes I finally made it to the front porch of the house with Mrs. Johnson finally leaving the driveway to head back to her own lovely home just down the road. â€Å"I have to tell you something Eva.† â€Å"What is it Emery?† I asked. â€Å"Its about Mom and Dad. When I went to bed last night they were here, but when I woke up this morning they were missing. Gone. They didnt leave a note or anything. Its like they just disappeared without a trace!† My heart started to pound. â€Å"You dont think they just disappeared right.† â€Å"No I dont Eva. I think they were taken and killed. I found this in the kitchen, † Emery said as he showed me the note that he held in his hand. My heart started to beat furiously in my throat as I was holding back tears. The note read, â€Å"Monkey see, monkey do. I have been watching you. Find the rest of the the clues to find the secret room. Hurry, the clock is ticking, you dont have much time. So run around and dont fret, in the end all will be best.Show MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 W ords   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of eventsRead MoreRacism in the Short Stories1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intr uding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. In

Children Living From Single Parent Homes - 2148 Words

Children Living in Single Parent Homes Living life as a single parent can be a difficult task. You must be a good role model for both mother and father perspectives. Society portrays the perfect family on television as a family consisting of both the mother and father. However, they fail to show the effects when one of the parents is not present. There are pros and cons to living in a single parent household. Not having both parents could affect both the parent and the child, behavior of the child and how the community views the parents. Although these sound like problems they can also have positive impacts on the parents, the children, and society. Living with only one parent present can affect the child’s ability to perform simple tasks†¦show more content†¦Single parenting can not only affect the children but the parents as well. Single parents struggle daily to support their kids financially without a second parent’s income. For example, my mother had to work double shifts to be able to support me and my older brother. Parents find it difficult to handle basic financial needs alone. Even with support from the government, families with single parents can still have a hard time making ends meet. My mother ask my dad to pay child support. She told me and my older brother that it was not going to be easy but she was going to take care of us on her own. The financial help like child support when needed might not always be there. All the household responsibilities rely on one person instead of two cooking, tutoring and being a home maker. A parent must be ready for any situation that may arise, like a child getting sick or early dismissal of school. Whether you are sick, tired, or hurt the children still have to be cared for. Even though single parenting can be difficult, the rewards are far greater. One benefits are that as single parenting has become more socially accepted it is starting to get easier to find a job within their local community that will allow themShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Single Parent Homes1394 Words   |  6 Pagesof single parent homes. As compared to over forty to fifty years ago, single-parent families are common in today’s world. A single parent is a parent with one or more children, who is not living with any of the children’s other parents. The percentage of children wh o live with two parents has been declining among all racial and ethnic groups throughout the years. It has been found that children in single-parent homes generally fare worse than those in homes with two parents. In today’s single parentRead MoreFamily Structures Are Extremely Varied In Today’S Society.1625 Words   |  7 PagesFamily structures are extremely varied in today’s society. Single-parent families are becoming increasingly common. Traditions have changed; men and women do not feel pressured to take care of responsibilities at home. Children are being left behind, without knowing how this will influence their lives. Mothers and fathers serve vital roles in the life of their kids. Individuals inherit many things from their parents such as; their personality, values, beliefs and some similarities in behavior. InRead MoreThe Single Parent Family Structural Environment And Economic Conditions Can Hinder The Development And Growth Of A Child936 Words    |  4 Pagesmany children live in homes where there is only one parent, commonly known as single-parent family. According to 2011 Canada Census Bureau information, the number of children living in single-parent households have gone up since 2001 and almost more than three quarters of these children aged 14 and under are living with single parent family headed by woman (Statistics Canada, 2011). Many times there is the absence of the father in these single-parent homes. Children living in such single parent homesRead MoreThe Academic And Social Challenges Of Children From Single Parent Homes1575 Words   |  7 Pagesof Children from Single Parent Homes Ball State University Jason Huffer EDPS 640 Dr. Eric Pierson 5/4/2016 Children of Single Parent Homes 2 Abstract The purpose of this current study is to highlight the growing academic concerns and difficult social challenges facing children who live in single parent homes. For this study I will focus on children nationwide. I will present data related to this topic on a couple different subject groups. These groups will include children of differentRead More How Children of Single Parent Families are Affected Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of a Single Parent Home on a Childs Behavior The Family structure has changed significantly in the last fifty years. With higher percentages of marriage ending in divorce, and higher rates of childbearing out of wedlock, single parent families are increasing rapidly. â€Å"Seventy percent of all the children will spend all or part of their lives in a single-parent household.† (Dowd) Studies have shown that the children of these families are affected dramatically, both negativelyRead MoreSingle Parent Families Put Many Mental Effects on their Children1058 Words   |  5 PagesS. Census Bureau, claimed that out of 12.2 million single parent families in 2012, more than 80% were single mother parents. For a long time, there are many children that have grown up in a single-parent home. Kids who are raised by one parent seems almost impossible to them but have become more common in today’s society. Regardless of the situation, children who grow up in a household with one biological parent instead of two biologica l parents are often more susceptible to risks that can be harmfulRead MoreFamily Is The Fundamental Unit Of Society And Today It Is Used With A Wide Variety Of Meanings979 Words   |  4 Pagesmeanings (2014). In 2007, single-parent families make up thirty-two percent of the population (Benokraitis, 2012). As more adult remain single into their thirties and divorce rates are higher, the number of children living in single-parent families has increased (Benokraitis, 2012). The number of never married people has gone up form four percent in 1960 to forty-three percent in 2010 (Benokraitis, 2012). Women also run an over whelming eighty-seven percent of single-parent households in the UnitedRead MoreSingle Parent Vs Nuclear Family Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-Parent Families versus Nuclear Families Once in society, it was absurd not to have both parents take care of their children. Parenting, it is a piece of life many people grow up with, and the way it is done keeps changing over time. In today’s society, the two most popular trends in families follow, still, the nuclear family, but now, also the single-parent family dynamic. The single-parent home and nuclear family may seem like they are quite similar, but they do have their differences. Single-parentRead MoreBroken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children1253 Words   |  6 PagesEducational Difficulties for Children UNITED STATES, January 16, 2006 (LifeSiteNews.com) - The U.S Center for Marriage and Family released a study in November 2005 that shows broken family structures consistently lead to education difficulties for children. â€Å"When it comes to educational achievement,† the study says, â€Å"children living with their own married parents do significantly better than other children.† The report found that children from non-intact families (children living in a situation otherRead MoreThe Number Of Juveniles Committing Crimes1745 Words   |  7 Pageschild comes from can determine whether they will become a criminal. There are 3 main categories that have been discussed that researchers believe may affect the way a juvenile acts. These categories are family disruptions, single parent households, and lower class living. All these categories are things that come up in every study done to figure out whether a juvenile is affected by its environment. The first category of discussion is family disruption. This can be considered parents divorcing

Business Model of Twitter Social Media

Question: Describe about the Business Model of Twitter for Social Media. Answer: Introduction The continuous evolution of the software services with the advent of technology in various segments of the human life have made the survival of the older companies challenging thus making evolution the necessity of life (Smith Fischer and Yongjian 2012). In order to understand the need of the revenue and the various impacts of advertising forces upon the social media sites, this paper aims to scrutinize the various aspects of charging the individual customers of twitter. In an effort to understand the impact, the pros and the cons have been presented and finally recommendations were provided. Charging individual users of twitter Twitter is a social media site which allows user to share and post small messages of 140 words which are named tweets. As per the services provided by the website the registered users can both post and access tweets but an unregistered user can only read them(Twitter Help Center, 2016). The multi-sided users are those users who act as the mediator among two sides thus benefitting from both the sides. The micro blogging site has more than 200 million users who are active in a month and share more than double the tweets per day, thus making Twitter extremely lucrative to the advertisement of the business.But the recent trends of the market have been disappointing for the company as the market share of the organization has been trading below the IPO(Forbes.com, 2016). According to the report in Forbes (2016), the website is neither easy to use nor is user friendly but the usage of the site by the affluent class of the society has made is hold the gates of the company, which is closing f ast. So twitter can be seen more as a PR site rather than which allows people to share and be heard. According to a report in Techcrunch (2009), the company was about to charge other companies for accessing elite services that will be carved out for them, but was eventually cancelled. There are various advantages and disadvantages of charging the users who use the website which will be discussed in the later section. Advantages of charging individual users There are various advantages of charging the services of social media site which ranges from better user base to safety of the child, etc. which have been presented below (Bolton et al. 2013). Quality of services Since the user of the websites provide the necessary monetary help for the upkeep and the maintenance of the website, the quality of the services are better compared to the free websites where the users have little say in the various matters(Silverthorne, 2016). Ad Free websites The revenue of the websites are generated from the advertisements that are done on the website by a thorough understanding of the users, which is often very annoying, paying money for the websites will help eliminate such advertisements. User data will not be scrutinised As there wont be any interest of the website to generate revenue through advertisement, the data mining will not be used for understanding the user behaviour and pattern (Russell 2013). More responsible users Since the services are paid only the serious users, who are interested in website will pay, thus creating a more responsible user base for the website, thus reducing the potential misuse by people and child (Fuchs 2013). Disadvantages of charging individual users There are various disadvantages of charging the services of the social media site which will not only hamper the number of user but will also create more addicted user base for the website. Reduced amount of user Although the user base of the paid services are more stable compared to the free ones, the amount of user for the free services is always larger compared to the paid ones, thus reducing the consumer base (Stephen and Galak 2012). Information can still be traded for money Although the paid services suffice all the financial needs of the website, still the data available on the website could be traded to useful information. Paid users are more serious The paid users of the websites are more serious about the website and tend to be more possessive thus creating more addiction that might be extremely harmful (Tuten and Solomon 2014). Recommendations It is highly recommended that the social media website should charge its user for using the services of the website. This will not only reduce the dependency of the website on the advertisers and will allow the website to focus on the services that are to be provided to the consumers. Also the lesser extent of data mining will also ensure that the privacy of the user is well maintained and is not compromised to suit the need of the advertisers. The paid services will attract only the responsible user into the site discouraging the minor out of these websites thus reducing various risks like virtual identity suicide, psychological effects of the websites, online bullying, trolling. Paying for using the services of Twitter will allow in creation of a close group which is more responsible for the actions and hence will help in reduction of social media malice which is now common to the present generation. Conclusion In the previous segments the various aspects of the paid twitter services have been discussed thus creating an opportunity to evaluate the impact of charging the services of the social media site.For understanding the impact on the various aspect of the society the advantages of charging the services and disadvantages of charging the services have been presented in detail. Finally the recommendations have been given for charging the services for Twitter have been suggested to ensure the various malice related to the free social media services could be contained. References Bolton, R.N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., Komarova Loureiro, Y. and Solnet, D., 2013. Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda.Journal of Service Management,24(3), pp.245-267. Forbes.com. (2016). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/currentaccounts/2016/07/18/twitter-should-charge-membership-fee/#641a96a262f2 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Fuchs, C., 2013.Social media: A critical introduction. Sage. Russell, M.A., 2013.Mining the Social Web: Data Mining Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, GitHub, and More. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Silverthorne, S. (2016). New Research Explores Multi-Sided Markets. [online] HBS Working Knowledge. Available at: https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/new-research-explores-multi-sided-markets [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Smith, A.N., Fischer, E. and Yongjian, C., 2012. How does brand-related user-generated content differ across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter?.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), pp.102-113. Stephen, A.T. and Galak, J., 2012. The effects of traditional and social earned media on sales: A study of a microlending marketplace.Journal of Marketing Research,49(5), pp.624-639. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. Twitter Help Center. (2016). Getting started with Twitter. [online] Available at: https://support.twitter.com/articles/215585 [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Wauters, R. (2016). Twitter To Start Charging Companies For Having AnAccount?. [online] TechCrunch. Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2009/02/10/twitter-to-start-charging-companies-for-having-an-account/ [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016].